An endometrial biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of the uterine lining (endometrium) is taken for analysis to diagnose various conditions, such as endometrial cancer, uterine infections, or to investigate the causes of menstrual problems or infertility.
However, the biopsy may be performed at other times during the menstrual cycle, depending on the purpose of the test. For example, it may be used to assess hormonal patterns or abnormal uterine bleeding, or to rule out or diagnose endometrial cancer or atypical hyperplasia.

Endometrial biopsy is one of the tests that fertility specialists may request to evaluate possible causes of infertility, especially after reviewing the patient’s medical history.
It is usually indicated in cases of recurrent implantation failure after in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment or in women with recurrent miscarriages. It is also commonly performed in the presence of irregular or excessively heavy menstrual periods, or when chronic endometritis is suspected.
In addition, in some cases it is used as part of a preconception study, with the aim of personalising the timing of embryo transfer. In this way, endometrial receptivity is assessed, which may increase the chances of achieving pregnancy.
RECOMENDATIONS
To ensure proper recovery and minimise potential complications, patients should follow a series of recommendations:
It is recommended to rest for the remainder of the day after the biopsy.
Slight bleeding may occur after the procedure. If this happens, the use of tampons is not recommended.
Patients may experience mild discomfort similar to menstrual cramps. In this case, painkillers may be taken if needed.
Patients are advised to avoid sexual intercourse for at least one week or until any bleeding has stopped.
Heavy lifting or intense exercise should also be avoided for a few days.
DIAGNOSIS
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An endometrial biopsy can help identify problems that may affect embryo implantation. For example, it can detect chronic endometritis, an inflammation of the endometrium that can affect implantation and, if diagnosed, can be treated before proceeding with in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
In this way, treating any problems detected may support embryo implantation and contribute to the success of the treatment.
Endometrial biopsy is a procedure that is generally safe, but like any medical intervention, it carries some risks, such as slight bleeding after the procedure or a uterine infection, although this is very rare. Some women may also experience mild cramping or abdominal pain after the biopsy.
Regarding contraindications, an endometrial biopsy should not be performed on pregnant women or if there is an active pelvic infection.
An endometrial biopsy is usually performed without anaesthesia and may cause brief discomfort or pain similar to menstrual cramps. The intensity varies from person to person and the discomfort usually subsides quickly.
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