Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) is a technique that allows sperm to be directly retrieved from the testicle. It is minimally invasive and is performed through a testicular puncture under local anaesthesia.
During the procedure, a fine needle is inserted through the skin into the testicle and, through aspiration, a sample of testicular tissue and fluid is obtained and examined for the presence of sperm.
A tissue sample is then extracted and analysed to check for viable sperm that can be used in assisted reproduction treatments like in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
Testicular sperm aspiration is a minimally invasive technique that generally involves limited pain and discomfort during the procedure. The use of a fine needle minimises testicular trauma at the puncture site.
Additionally, the recovery time is shorter compared to other sperm retrieval techniques.
Testicular sperm aspiration is a widely used technique in male fertility preservation treatments, especially in cases where sperm are absent from the semen due to blockages or production problems.
This technique allows sperm to be extracted directly from the testicle, which is useful when sperm cannot be obtained through ejaculation. The sperm can then be frozen (cryopreservation) for future use. This may be particularly relevant for patients who cannot provide a semen sample before undergoing medical treatments that could affect fertility, such as chemotherapy.
Testicular sperm aspiration may be considered in selected patients with significant abnormalities in semen parameters, depending on their individual diagnosis and fertility history. These abnormalities may be associated with different factors, including infections, hormonal disorders, genetic factors or exposure to toxins or excessive heat.
It may also be considered in selected cases of previous low fertilisation rates, depending on the characteristics of the sperm and the patient's previous treatment history.
In cases of azoospermia (absence of sperm in the ejaculate), sperm can sometimes be retrieved through testicular puncture. It is also recommended for patients who have had a vasectomy and need their own sperm for any reason.
Generally, it is a safe procedure, but like any medical intervention, there are some risks, such as pain or discomfort in the testicular area after the procedure or the formation of a hematoma.
In rare cases, there may be an adverse reaction to anaesthesia or slight damage to testicular tissue, although these complications are uncommon.