Factors such as job stability, the desire for professional development, or difficulties in achieving work-life balance have contributed to the increase in the average age of mothers. In 2023, 40.1% of women giving birth were older than 35, double the figure from 2003. Furthermore, according to the latest data from the National Institute of Statistics (INE), the average age of women at the time of their first childbirth in Spain is 32.6 years, while 10.8% of births are already to mothers over 40. According to experts, this trend has direct implications for fertility and the chances of conceiving naturally.
Menopause is usually seen as the final stage of female fertility. However, this process does not occur abruptly or without warning. The body undergoes changes progressively, sending signals that the fertile period is ending, but this does not mean pregnancy is impossible.
"Menopause doesn't come overnight. Before it arrives, there is a transitional stage—perimenopause—during which the ovaries still function, although more irregularly. During this period, natural pregnancy is still possible, since the loss of ovarian reserve characteristic of menopause does not always limit the ability to conceive, although the chance of achieving it is lower," explains Dr. Paloma Baviera, gynecologist and reproductive medicine specialist at IVF-Life Alicante.

During perimenopause, hormone levels begin to shift and cycles become irregular, possibly accompanied by symptoms such as hot flashes, sleep disturbances, or mood changes. This stage may start between ages 40 and 45, although in some women it can occur as early as 35. However, many do not realize that ovulation may still happen, maintaining the possibility of conception.
"We are seeing more and more women coming to the clinic worried because their cycles are starting to change, but they still want to become mothers. In these cases, assessing ovarian reserve and the biological age of the eggs is crucial to deciding the best path forward," adds Dr. Baviera.
Although menopause usually occurs between ages 45 and 55, some women experience it before age 40. In these cases, it is called early menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency, a condition estimated to affect about 1% of women. "When menopause appears early, the ovaries stop functioning sooner than expected, and fertility is suddenly compromised. In many cases, women have not yet fulfilled their reproductive wishes, so early detection is essential," warns Dr. Baviera.
Causes may be genetic, autoimmune, or idiopathic—meaning without an apparent cause. Receiving treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy can also play a role. Therefore, attention should be paid to signs like prolonged absence of menstruation, hot flashes, mood changes, or hormone disturbances, especially in young women.
In these cases, reproductive medicine offers alternatives such as using donor eggs or preserving fertility before undergoing medical treatments that may affect ovarian function. "It's not just about knowing when fertility ends, but about understanding the process and acting in time. Every woman has her biological rhythm, and understanding it is essential to freely deciding when is the best moment to become a mother," concludes Dr. Baviera.